%% This is file `mdpi_apacite.sty',
%% generated with the docstrip utility.
%%
%% The original source files were:
%%
%% apacite.dtx  (with options: `package')
%% 
%% This is a generated file.
%% 
%% Copyright (C) 1994-2013 Erik Meijer and any individual authors listed
%% elsewhere in this file.
%% 
%% This file is part of the `apacite' package.
%% -------------------------------------------
%% Updated on December 17, 2024

\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesPackage{mdpi_apacite}

%% apacite.sty : citation and reference list according to APA manual
%% Written by Erik Meijer
%%
%% Contains code adapted from
%%   index.sty [1995/09/28 v4.1beta Improved index support (dmj)],
%%   hyperref.dtx [6.71, 2000/10/04],
%%   babel.def [2001/03/01, v3.7h],
%%   backref.dtx [1.20, 2002/06/09],
%%   ltbibl.dtx [2004/02/15 v1.1q LaTeX Kernel (Bibliography)],
%%   bibtopic.dtx [2002/08/22 v1.0k],
%%   multibib.dtx [2004/01/28 v1.3 Multiple bibliographies for one document.],
%%   multibbl.dtx [2004/07/27 v1.1],
%%   amsrefs.dtx [2004/06/30 v2.0]
%%   ltidxglo.dtx [1996/01/20 v1.1e LaTeX Kernel (Index and Glossary)]
%%   doc.dtx [2004/02/09 v2.1b Standard LaTeX documentation package (FMi)]
%% and code (used with permission) provided by:
%%   Stefan Bj\"ork.
%%
\def\@year@\citeauthoryear#1#2#3{#3} % default
\DeclareOption{BCAY}{% compatibility with old .bbl files
   \def\@year@\BCAY#1#2#3{#3}%
}
\newif\if@APAC@classic@cite
\newif\if@APAC@natbib@emu
\newif\if@APAC@natbib@apa
\newif\if@APAC@classic@or@emu
\newif\if@APAC@any@natbib
\newif\if@APAC@anycitation
\DeclareOption{apaciteclassic}{%
  \@APAC@classic@citetrue
  \@APAC@natbib@emufalse
  \@APAC@natbib@apafalse
  \@APAC@classic@or@emutrue
  \@APAC@any@natbibfalse
  \@APAC@anycitationtrue
}
\DeclareOption{natbibemu}{%
  \@APAC@classic@citefalse
  \@APAC@natbib@emutrue
  \@APAC@natbib@apafalse
  \@APAC@classic@or@emutrue
  \@APAC@any@natbibtrue
  \@APAC@anycitationtrue
}
\DeclareOption{natbibapa}{%
  \@APAC@classic@citefalse
  \@APAC@natbib@emufalse
  \@APAC@natbib@apatrue
  \@APAC@classic@or@emufalse
  \@APAC@any@natbibtrue
  \@APAC@anycitationtrue
}
\DeclareOption{nocitation}{%
  \@APAC@classic@citefalse
  \@APAC@natbib@emufalse
  \@APAC@natbib@apafalse
  \@APAC@classic@or@emufalse
  \@APAC@any@natbibfalse
  \@APAC@anycitationfalse
}
\newif\if@APAC@mask
\DeclareOption{mask}{\@APAC@masktrue}
\DeclareOption{unmask}{\@APAC@maskfalse}
%% ^^A \cmd{\if} somehow gives an error
\newif\if@numberedbib
\DeclareOption{numberedbib}{\@numberedbibtrue}
\DeclareOption{unnumberedbib}{\@numberedbibfalse}
\newif\if@sectionbib
\newif\if@sectionbibdefault
\@sectionbibfalse
\@sectionbibdefaulttrue
\DeclareOption{sectionbib}{%
  \@sectionbibdefaultfalse
  \@sectionbibtrue
}
\DeclareOption{nosectionbib}{%
  \@sectionbibdefaultfalse
  \@sectionbibfalse
}
\newif\if@tocbib
\DeclareOption{tocbib}{\@tocbibtrue}
\DeclareOption{notocbib}{\@tocbibfalse}
\DeclareOption{bibnewpage}{\def\@bibnewpage{\bibnewpage}}
\DeclareOption{nobibnewpage}{\let\@bibnewpage\relax}
\newif\if@doi
\DeclareOption{doi}{\@doitrue}
\DeclareOption{nodoi}{\@doifalse}
%% ^^A \cmd{\if} somehow gives an error
\newif\if@APAC@index
\DeclareOption{noindex}{\@APAC@indexfalse}%
\DeclareOption{index}{\@APAC@indextrue}%
%% ^^A \cmd{\if} somehow gives an error
\newif\if@APAC@include@corporate
\DeclareOption{includecorporate}{\@APAC@include@corporatetrue}%
\DeclareOption{suppresscorporate}{\@APAC@include@corporatefalse}%
\newif\if@APAC@index@package
\DeclareOption{indexpackage}{\@APAC@index@packagetrue}%
\DeclareOption{noindexpackage}{\@APAC@index@packagefalse}%
\DeclareOption{stdindex}{%
  \ExecuteOptions{index}%         Request author index
  \ExecuteOptions{indexpackage}%  This option requires the index package
  \AtEndOfPackage{\APACstdindex}% index environment as in index package
}%
\DeclareOption{tocindex}{%
  \ExecuteOptions{index}%         Request author index
  \ExecuteOptions{indexpackage}%  This option requires the index package
  \AtEndOfPackage{\APACtocindex}% index environment as in index package
                               %% with toc entry added
}%
\DeclareOption{emindex}{%
  \ExecuteOptions{index}%         Request author index
  \ExecuteOptions{indexpackage}%  This option requires the index package
  \AtEndOfPackage{\APACemindex}%  EM's index environment (see below)
}%
\DeclareOption{ltxemindex}{%
  \ExecuteOptions{index}%           Request author index
  \ExecuteOptions{noindexpackage}%  Don't use the index package
  \AtEndOfPackage{\APACltxemindex}% EM's index environment without the index
                                 %% package (see below)
}
\DeclareOption{hyper}{%
  \PackageWarningNoLine{apacite}{Obsolete option `hyper' ignored}%
}
\DeclareOption{nohyper}{%
  \PackageWarningNoLine{apacite}{Obsolete option `nohyper' ignored}%
}
\DeclareOption{accentfix}{%
  \PackageWarningNoLine{apacite}{Obsolete option `accentfix' ignored}%
}
\DeclareOption{noaccentfix}{%
  \PackageWarningNoLine{apacite}{Obsolete option `noaccentfix' ignored}%
}
\ExecuteOptions{apaciteclassic,noindex,indexpackage,unnumberedbib,tocbib,%
                nobibnewpage,suppresscorporate,doi,unmask}
\ProcessOptions
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifundefined{citeauthoryear}{\def\citeauthoryear#1#2#3{}}{}%
}
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifundefined{themaskedRefs}{\newcounter{maskedRefs}}{}}
\newif\if@F@cite\@F@citetrue
\newif\if@A@cite\@A@citefalse
\newif\if@Y@cite\@Y@citefalse
\if@APAC@classic@or@emu
\def\nocite#1{%
  \@bsphack
  \ifx\@onlypreamble\document
    \@for\@citeb:=#1\do{%
      \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
      \if@filesw
        \immediate\write\@newciteauxhandle{\string\citation{\@citeb}}%
      \fi
      \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}{%
        \edef\B@my@dummy{*}%
        \ifx\@citeb\B@my@dummy
        \else
          \G@refundefinedtrue
          \@latex@warning{Citation `\@citeb' undefined}%
        \fi
      }{}%
    }%
  \else
     \AtBeginDocument{\nocite{#1}}%
  \fi
  \@esphack
  \@restore@auxhandle
}
\global\def\B@my@dummy{*}%
\def\@ifauthorsequalc@de#1{%
  \if@F@cite
     \@F@citefalse
  \else
     \if@Y@cite
        {\@BBY}%
     \fi
  \fi
  \if@Y@cite
     \hyper@natlinkstart{#1}%
     {\csname Y@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname}%
     \hyper@natlinkend
  \fi
}
\def\@ifauthorsunequalc@de#1{%
  \if@F@cite
     \@F@citefalse
  \else
     \if@Y@cite
        {\@BAY}%
     \fi
     {\@BBC}%
  \fi
  \edef\@cite@undefined{?}%
  \def\BBA{\@BBA}%
  \if@A@cite
     \hyper@natlinkstart{#1}%
     {\csname b@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname}%
     \hyper@natlinkend
     \if@Y@cite
        {\@BBAY}%
     \fi
  \fi
  \if@Y@cite
     \hyper@natlinkstart{#1}%
     {\csname Y@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname}%
     \hyper@natlinkend
  \fi
  \let\BBA\relax
}
\fi
\if@APAC@classic@cite
\def\cite{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBOP{\BBOP}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{\BBCP}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar<%     % >
        {\@cite}%
        {\@cite<>}%
}
\def\fullcite{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    \def\@BBOP{\BBOP}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{\BBCP}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar<%     % >
        {\@cite}%
        {\@cite<>}%
}
\def\shortcite{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBOP{\BBOP}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{\BBCP}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar<%     % >
        {\@cite}%
        {\@cite<>}%
}
\def\citeNP{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBOP{}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar<%% >
        {\@cite}%
        {\@cite<>}%
}
\def\fullciteNP{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    \def\@BBOP{}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar<%% >
        {\@cite}%
        {\@cite<>}%
}
\def\shortciteNP{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBOP{}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar<%% >
        {\@cite}%
        {\@cite<>}%
}
\def\@cite<#1>{%
    \def\@BAP{\BAP}%   % after precitation [=#1] before first citation
    \def\@BBA{\BBAA}%  % `and' between authors
    \def\@BBAY{\BBAY}% % between author and year
    \def\@BAY{}%       % after year
    \def\@BBY{\BBYY}%  % between years of multiple citations with same author
    \def\@BBC{\BBC}%   % between cites
    \def\@BBN{\BBN}%   % after last citation before note/postcitation [=#2]
    \def\@BAstyle{\BAstyle}% text style of authors
    \@A@citetrue%       % cite authors
    \@Y@citetrue%       % cite years
    \@ifnextchar[%      % ]
        {\@@cite<#1>}%
        {\@@cite<#1>[]}%
}
\def\citeA{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    \@ifnextchar<%          %>
        {\@citeA}%
        {\@citeA<>}%
}
\def\fullciteA{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    \@ifnextchar<%          %>
        {\@citeA}%
        {\@citeA<>}%
}
\def\shortciteA{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \@ifnextchar<%          %>
        {\@citeA}%
        {\@citeA<>}%
}
\def\@citeA<#1>{%
    \def\@BBOP{}%      % open parenthesis.
    \def\@BAP{\BAP}%   % after precitation [=#1] before first citation
    \def\@BBA{\BBAB}%  % `and' between authors
    \def\@BBAY{ \BBOP}%% between author and year
    \def\@BAY{\BBCP}%  % after year
    \def\@BBY{\BBYY}%  % between years of multiple citations with same author
    \def\@BBC{\BBC}%   % between cites
    \def\@BBN{\BBN}%   % after last citation before note/postcitation [=#2]
    \def\@BBCP{}%      % close parenthesis
    \def\@BAstyle{\BAstyle}% text style of authors
    \@A@citetrue%      % cite authors
    \@Y@citetrue%      % cite years
    \@ifnextchar[%     % ]
        {\@@cite<#1>}%
        {\@@cite<#1>[]}%
}
\def\citeauthor{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    \@ifnextchar<%    %>
        {\@citeauthor}%
        {\@citeauthor<>}%
}
\def\fullciteauthor{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    \@ifnextchar<%    %>
        {\@citeauthor}%
        {\@citeauthor<>}%
}
\def\shortciteauthor{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \@ifnextchar<%    %>
        {\@citeauthor}%
        {\@citeauthor<>}%
}
\def\citeauthorNP{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    \@ifnextchar<%    %>
        {\@citeauthorNP}%
        {\@citeauthorNP<>}%
}
\def\fullciteauthorA{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    \@ifnextchar<%    %>
        {\@citeauthorNP}%
        {\@citeauthorNP<>}%
}
\def\shortciteauthorA{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \@ifnextchar<%    %>
        {\@citeauthorNP}%
        {\@citeauthorNP<>}%
}
\def\@citeauthor<#1>{%
    \def\@BBOP{}%      % open parenthesis
    \def\@BAP{\BAP}%   % after precitation [=#1] before first citation
    \def\@BBA{\BBAB}%  % `and' between authors
    \def\@BBAY{}%      % between author and year
    \def\@BAY{}%       % after year
    \def\@BBY{}%       % between years of multiple citations with same author
    \def\@BBC{\BBC}%   % between cites
    \def\@BBN{\BBN}%   % after last citation before note/postcitation [=#2]
    \def\@BBCP{}%      % close parenthesis
    \def\@BAstyle{\BAastyle}% text style of authors
    \@A@citetrue%      % cite authors
    \@Y@citefalse%     % do not cite years
    \@ifnextchar[%     % ]
        {\@@cite<#1>}%
        {\@@cite<#1>[]}%
}
\def\@citeauthorNP<#1>{%
    \def\@BBOP{}%      % open parenthesis
    \def\@BAP{\BAP}%   % after precitation [=#1] before first citation
    \def\@BBA{\BBAA}%  % `and' between authors
    \def\@BBAY{}%      % between author and year
    \def\@BAY{}%       % after year
    \def\@BBY{}%       % between years of multiple citations with same author
    \def\@BBC{\BBC}%   % between cites
    \def\@BBN{\BBN}%   % after last citation before note/postcitation [=#2]
    \def\@BBCP{}%      % close parenthesis
    \def\@BAstyle{\BAastyle}% text style of authors
    \@A@citetrue%      % cite authors
    \@Y@citefalse%     % do not cite years
    \@ifnextchar[%     % ]
        {\@@cite<#1>}%
        {\@@cite<#1>[]}%
}
\def\citeyear{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBOP{\BBOP}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{\BBCP}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar<%     % >
        {\@citeyear}%
        {\@citeyear<>}%
}
\def\citeyearNP{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBOP{}%   % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{}%   % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar<%  % >
        {\@citeyear}%
        {\@citeyear<>}%
}
\def\@citeyear<#1>{%
    \def\@BAP{\BAP}%   % after precitation [=#1] before first citation
    \def\@BBA{}%       % `and' between authors
    \def\@BBAY{}%      % between author and year
    \def\@BAY{}%       % after year
    \def\@BBY{\BBYY}%  % between years of multiple citations with same author
    \def\@BBC{\BBC}%   % between cites
    \def\@BBN{\BBN}%   % after last citation before note/postcitation [=#2]
    \def\@BAstyle{}%   % text style of authors
    \@A@citefalse%     % do not cite authors
    \@Y@citetrue%      % cite years
    \@ifnextchar[%     % ]
        {\@@cite<#1>}%
        {\@@cite<#1>[]}%
}
\def\@@cite<#1>[#2]#3{%
    \nocite{#3}%
    \edef\@citeP{}%
    \mbox{\@BBOP}%
    \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
    \else%
      {\ignorespaces #1\@BAP}%
    \fi%
    \@for\@citeb:=#3\do{%
        \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
        \back@cite{\@citeb}%
        \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
          {\expandafter\def\csname b@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname{?}%
           \expandafter\def\csname Y@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname{?}%
           %% The following is now handled by \nocite
           %% \G@refundefinedtrue
           %% \@latex@warning{Citation `\@citeb' undefined}%
          }%%
          {\@ifundefined{flag@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
             {\global\expandafter
              \def\csname flag@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname{DUMMY}%
              \def\BCA##1##2{{\@BAstyle ##1}}%
             }%
             {\def\BCA##1##2{{\@BAstyle ##2}}%
             }%
          }%
        \protected@edef\B@my@dummy{\csname
                                   b@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname}%
        \ifx\@citeP\B@my@dummy
            \@ifauthorsequalc@de{\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
        \else
            \@ifauthorsunequalc@de{\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
        \fi
        \protected@edef\@citeP{\csname b@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname}%
        \let\BCA\relax
    }%%
    \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
    \else%
      {\@BBN #2}%
    \fi%
    \if@Y@cite%
       {\@BAY}%
    \fi%
    {\@BBCP}%
    \@F@citetrue %
}
\newcommand{\maskcitations}{%
    \def\masknocite##1{}%
    \def\maskcite{%
        \@ifnextchar<%     % >
            {\mask@cite}%
            {\mask@cite<>}%
    }%
    \def\mask@cite<##1>{%
        \@ifnextchar[%      % ]
            {\mask@@cite<##1>}%
            {\mask@@cite<##1>[]}%
    }%
    \def\mask@@cite<##1>[##2]##3{%
        \relax
        \setcounter{maskedRefs}{0}%
        \@for\@citeb:=##3\do{%
            \addtocounter{maskedRefs}{1}%
        }%
        \ifnum\value{maskedRefs} = 1%
            \onemaskedcitationmsg{\themaskedRefs}%
        \else
            \maskedcitationsmsg{\themaskedRefs}%
        \fi
    }%
    \let\maskfullcite\maskcite
    \let\maskshortcite\maskcite
    \let\maskciteNP\maskcite
    \let\maskfullciteNP\maskciteNP
    \let\maskshortciteNP\maskciteNP
    \let\maskciteA\maskcite
    \let\maskfullciteA\maskciteA
    \let\maskshortciteA\maskciteA
    \let\maskciteauthor\maskcite
    \let\maskfullciteauthor\maskciteauthor
    \let\maskshortciteauthor\maskciteauthor
    \let\maskciteauthorNP\maskciteauthor
    \let\maskfullciteauthorNP\maskciteauthorNP
    \let\maskshortciteauthorNP\maskciteauthorNP
    \let\maskciteyear\maskcite
    \let\maskciteyearNP\maskciteyear
    \DeclareRobustCommand{\masktext}[2][]{##1}%
}
\newcommand{\unmaskcitations}{%
    \let\masknocite\nocite
    \let\maskcite\cite
    \let\maskfullcite\fullcite
    \let\maskshortcite\shortcite
    \let\maskciteNP\citeNP
    \let\maskfullciteNP\fullciteNP
    \let\maskshortciteNP\shortciteNP
    \let\maskciteA\citeA
    \let\maskfullciteA\fullciteA
    \let\maskshortciteA\shortciteA
    \let\maskciteauthor\citeauthor
    \let\maskfullciteauthor\fullciteauthor
    \let\maskshortciteauthor\shortciteauthor
    \let\maskciteauthorNP\citeauthorNP
    \let\maskfullciteauthorNP\fullciteauthorNP
    \let\maskshortciteauthorNP\shortciteauthorNP
    \let\maskciteyear\citeyear
    \let\maskciteyearNP\citeyearNP
    \DeclareRobustCommand{\masktext}[2][]{##2}
}
\fi
\newif\if@APAC@alias@cite
\@APAC@alias@citefalse
\if@APAC@natbib@emu
\DeclareRobustCommand\citep{%
    \@ifstar{% full cite
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    }{% else
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    }%
    \def\@BBOP{\BBOP}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{\BBCP}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar[%     % ]
        {\APACNAT@citep}%
        {\APACNAT@citep[]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortcitep{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBOP{\BBOP}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{\BBCP}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar[%     % ]
        {\APACNAT@citep}%
        {\APACNAT@citep[]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citealp{%
    \@ifstar{% full cite
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    }{% else
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    }%
    \def\@BBOP{}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar[%% ]
        {\APACNAT@citep}%
        {\APACNAT@citep[]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortcitealp{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBOP{}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar[%% ]
        {\APACNAT@citep}%
        {\APACNAT@citep[]}%
}
\newcommand\APACNAT@citep{}
\def\APACNAT@citep[#1]{%
    \def\@BAP{\BAP}%   % after precitation [=#1] before first citation
    \def\@BBA{\BBAA}%  % `and' between authors
    \def\@BBAY{\BBAY}% % between author and year
    \def\@BAY{}%       % after year
    \def\@BBY{\BBYY}%  % between years of multiple citations with same author
    \def\@BBC{\BBC}%   % between cites
    \def\@BBN{\BBN}%   % after last citation before note/postcitation [=#2]
    \def\@BAstyle{\BAstyle}% text style of authors
    \@A@citetrue%       % cite authors
    \@Y@citetrue%       % cite years
    \@ifnextchar[%      % ]
        {\@citex[#1]}%
        {\@citex[][#1]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citet{%
    \@ifstar{%
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    }{% else
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    }%
    \def\@BBAY{ \BBOP}%% between author and year
    \@ifnextchar[%          %]
        {\APACNAT@citet}%
        {\APACNAT@citet[]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortcitet{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBAY{ \BBOP}%% between author and year
    \@ifnextchar[%          %]
        {\APACNAT@citet}%
        {\APACNAT@citet[]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citealt{%
    \@ifstar{% full cite
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    }{% else
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    }%
    \def\@BBOP{}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{}% % close parenthesis
    \def\@BBAY{ }%% between author and year
    \@ifnextchar[%% ]
        {\APACNAT@citet}%
        {\APACNAT@citet[]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortcitealt{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBOP{}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{}% % close parenthesis
    \def\@BBAY{ }%% between author and year
    \@ifnextchar[%% ]
        {\APACNAT@citet}%
        {\APACNAT@citet[]}%
}
\newcommand\APACNAT@citet{}
\def\APACNAT@citet[#1]{%
    \def\@BBOP{}%       % open parenthesis.
    \def\@BAP{\BAP}%    % after precitation [=#1] before first citation
    \def\@BBA{\BBAB}%   % `and' between authors
%%   \def\@BBAY{ \BBOP}%% between author and year
    \def\@BAY{\BBCP}%   % after year
    \def\@BBY{\BBYY}%   % between years of multiple citations with same author
    \def\@BBC{\BBC}%    % between cites
    \def\@BBN{\BBN}%    % after last citation before note/postcitation [=#2]
    \def\@BBCP{}%       % close parenthesis
    \def\@BAstyle{\BAstyle}% text style of authors
    \@A@citetrue%       % cite authors
    \@Y@citetrue%       % cite years
    \@ifnextchar[%      % ]
        {\@citex[#1]}%
        {\@citex[][#1]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citeauthort{%
    \@ifstar{%
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    }{% else
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    }%
    \@ifnextchar[%    %]
        {\APACNAT@citeauthort}%
        {\APACNAT@citeauthort[]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortciteauthort{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \@ifnextchar[%    %]
        {\APACNAT@citeauthort}%
        {\APACNAT@citeauthort[]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citeauthorp{%
    \@ifstar{%
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    }{% else
        \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
        \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    }%
    \@ifnextchar[%    %]
        {\APACNAT@citeauthorp}%
        {\APACNAT@citeauthorp[]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortciteauthorp{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \@ifnextchar[%    %]
        {\APACNAT@citeauthorp}%
        {\APACNAT@citeauthorp[]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citeauthor{\citeauthort}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citefullauthor{\citeauthort*}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortciteauthor{\shortciteauthort}
\newcommand\APACNAT@citeauthort{}
\def\APACNAT@citeauthort[#1]{%
    \def\@BBOP{}%      % open parenthesis
    \def\@BAP{\BAP}%   % after precitation [=#1] before first citation
    \def\@BBA{\BBAB}%  % `and' between authors
    \def\@BBAY{}%      % between author and year
    \def\@BAY{}%       % after year
    \def\@BBY{}%       % between years of multiple citations with same author
    \def\@BBC{\BBC}%   % between cites
    \def\@BBN{\BBN}%   % after last citation before note/postcitation [=#2]
    \def\@BBCP{}%      % close parenthesis
    \def\@BAstyle{\BAastyle}% text style of authors
    \@A@citetrue%      % cite authors
    \@Y@citefalse%     % do not cite years
    \@ifnextchar[%     % ]
        {\@citex[#1]}%
        {\@citex[][#1]}%
}
\newcommand\APACNAT@citeauthorp{}
\def\APACNAT@citep[#1]{%
    \def\@BBOP{}%      % open parenthesis
    \def\@BAP{\BAP}%   % after precitation [=#1] before first citation
    \def\@BBA{\BBAA}%  % `and' between authors
    \def\@BBAY{}%      % between author and year
    \def\@BAY{}%       % after year
    \def\@BBY{}%       % between years of multiple citations with same author
    \def\@BBC{\BBC}%   % between cites
    \def\@BBN{\BBN}%   % after last citation before note/postcitation [=#2]
    \def\@BBCP{}%      % close parenthesis
    \def\@BAstyle{\BAastyle}% text style of authors
    \@A@citetrue%      % cite authors
    \@Y@citefalse%     % do not cite years
    \@ifnextchar[%     % ]
        {\@citex[#1]}%
        {\@citex[][#1]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citeyearpar{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBOP{\BBOP}% % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{\BBCP}% % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar[%     % ]
        {\APACNAT@citeyear}%
        {\APACNAT@citeyear[]}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citeyear{%
    \def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}% kept for compat. with prev. versions
    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    \def\@BBOP{}%   % open parenthesis
    \def\@BBCP{}%   % close parenthesis
    \@ifnextchar[%  % ]
        {\APACNAT@citeyear}%
        {\APACNAT@citeyear[]}%
}
\newcommand\APACNAT@citeyear{}
\def\APACNAT@citeyear[#1]{%
    \def\@BAP{\BAP}%   % after precitation [=#1] before first citation
    \def\@BBA{}%       % `and' between authors
    \def\@BBAY{}%      % between author and year
    \def\@BAY{}%       % after year
    \def\@BBY{\BBYY}%  % between years of multiple citations with same author
    \def\@BBC{\BBC}%   % between cites
    \def\@BBN{\BBN}%   % after last citation before note/postcitation [=#2]
    \def\@BAstyle{}%   % text style of authors
    \@A@citefalse%     % do not cite authors
    \@Y@citetrue%      % cite years
    \@ifnextchar[%     % ]
        {\@citex[#1]}%
        {\@citex[][#1]}%
}
\newcommand\APACNAT@citex{}
\def\APACNAT@citex[#1][#2]#3{%
    \nocite{#3}%
    \edef\@citeP{}%
    \mbox{\@BBOP}%
    \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
    \else%
      {\ignorespaces #1\@BAP}%
    \fi%
    \@for\@citeb:=#3\do{%
        \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
        \back@cite{\@citeb}%
        \if@APAC@alias@cite
          \@ifundefined{al@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
            {\PackageWarning{apacite}{Undefined alias for citation \@citeb}
             \expandafter\def\csname al@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname{?}%
            }{}%
          \@Y@citefalse  % do not cite years
          \def\BCA##1##2{{\@BAstyle \csname
            al@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname}}%
          \@ifauthorsunequalc@de{\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
        \else
          \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
            {\expandafter\def\csname b@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname{?}%
             \expandafter\def\csname Y@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname{?}%
            }%
            {\@ifundefined{flag@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
               {\global\expandafter
                \def\csname flag@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname{DUMMY}%
                \def\BCA##1##2{{\@BAstyle ##1}}%
               }%
               {\def\BCA##1##2{{\@BAstyle ##2}}%
               }%
            }%
          \protected@edef\B@my@dummy{\csname
            b@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname}%
          \ifx\@citeP\B@my@dummy
              \@ifauthorsequalc@de{\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
          \else
              \@ifauthorsunequalc@de{\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
          \fi
          \protected@edef\@citeP{\csname
            b@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname}%
          \let\BCA\relax
        \fi
    }%
    \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
    \else%
      {\@BBN #2}%
    \fi%
    \if@Y@cite%
       {\@BAY}%
    \fi%
    {\@BBCP}%
    \@F@citetrue %
}
\newcommand\citetext[1]{\mbox{}\BBOP{}#1\BBCP}
\let\@citex\APACNAT@citex
\DeclareRobustCommand\cite{%
  \@ifstar{%
    \@ifnextchar[%    %]
        {\citep*}%
        {\citet*}%
  }{%
    \@ifnextchar[%    %]
        {\citep}%
        {\citet}%
  }%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\Citet{\citet}
\DeclareRobustCommand\Citep{\citep}
\DeclareRobustCommand\Citealt{\citealt}
\DeclareRobustCommand\Citealp{\citealp}
\DeclareRobustCommand\Citeauthort{\citeauthort}
\DeclareRobustCommand\Citeauthorp{\citeauthorp}
\DeclareRobustCommand\Citeauthor{\citeauthor}
\DeclareRobustCommand\Citefullauthor{\citefullauthor}
\DeclareRobustCommand\Cite{\cite}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortCitet{\shortcitet}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortCitep{\shortcitep}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortCitealt{\shortcitealt}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortCitealp{\shortcitealp}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortCiteauthort{\shortciteauthort}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortCiteauthorp{\shortciteauthorp}
\DeclareRobustCommand\shortCiteauthor{\shortciteauthor}
\newcommand\shortcites[1]{%
  \@bsphack
    \@for\@citeb:=#1\do{%
      \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
      \global\expandafter
         \def\csname flag@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname{DUMMY}%
    }%
  \@esphack
}
\newcommand\defcitealias[2]{%
   \@ifundefined{al@#1\APAC@extra@b@citeb}{}
   {\PackageWarning{apacite}{Overwriting existing alias for citation #1}}
   \@namedef{al@#1\APAC@extra@b@citeb}{#2}}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citetalias{%
  \@APAC@alias@citetrue
  \citet
}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citepalias{%
  \@APAC@alias@citetrue
  \citep
}
\newif\ifciteindex \citeindexfalse
\newcommand\citeindextype{default}
\let\citenumfont=\@empty
\newcommand\bibpunct[7][, ]%
  {\gdef\BBOP{#2}\gdef\BBCP{#3}\gdef\BBC{#4}%
   \gdef\BBAY{#6}\gdef\BBYY{#7}\gdef\BBN{#1}%
  }
\newcommand\bibstyle@apacite{%
    \bibpunct[, ]{(}{)}{; }{a}{, }{, }%
    \setlength{\bibhang}{2.5em}%
    \setlength{\bibsep}{0pt}%
}
\let\bibstyle@apa=\bibstyle@apacite
\newcommand\citestyle[1]{\csname bibstyle@#1\endcsname}
\newcommand\setcitestyle[1]{%
 \@for\@tempa:=#1\do
 {\def\@tempb{round}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
    \renewcommand\BBOP{(}\renewcommand\BBCP{)}\fi
  \def\@tempb{square}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
    \renewcommand\BBOP{[}\renewcommand\BBCP{]}\fi
  \def\@tempb{angle}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
    \renewcommand\BBOP{$<$}\renewcommand\BBCP{$>$}\fi
  \def\@tempb{curly}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
    \renewcommand\BBOP{\{}\renewcommand\BBCP{\}}\fi
  \def\@tempb{semicolon}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
    \renewcommand\BBC{; }\fi
  \def\@tempb{colon}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
    \renewcommand\BBC{: }\fi
  \def\@tempb{comma}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
    \renewcommand\BBC{, }\fi
  \def\@tempb{authoryear}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
    \fi
  \def\@tempb{numbers}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
    \fi
  \def\@tempb{super}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
    \fi
  \expandafter\APAC@find@eq\@tempa=\relax\@nil
  \if\@tempc\relax\else
    \expandafter\APAC@rem@eq\@tempc
    \def\@tempb{open}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
     \xdef\BBOP{\@tempc}\fi
    \def\@tempb{close}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
     \xdef\BBCP{\@tempc}\fi
    \def\@tempb{aysep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
     \xdef\BBAY{\@tempc}\fi
    \def\@tempb{yysep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
     \xdef\BBYY{\@tempc}\fi
    \def\@tempb{notesep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
     \xdef\BBN{\@tempc}\fi
    \def\@tempb{citesep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
     \xdef\BBC{\@tempc}\fi
  \fi
 }%
}
\def\APAC@find@eq#1=#2\@nil{\def\@tempa{#1}\def\@tempc{#2}}
\def\APAC@rem@eq#1={\def\@tempc{#1}}
\fi
\newcommand{\BBA@nat}{%
  \ifNAT@swa
    \BBAA
  \else
    \BBAB
  \fi
}
\if@APAC@natbib@apa
  \AtEndOfPackage{%
    \if@sectionbibdefault
      \RequirePackage[sort]{natbib} %longnamesfirst, % MDPI Modified
    \else\if@sectionbib
      \RequirePackage[sort,sectionbib]{natbib} %longnamesfirst, % MDPI Modified
    \else
      \RequirePackage[sort]{natbib} %longnamesfirst, % MDPI Modified
    \fi\fi
\renewcommand\NAT@parse@date{}
\def\NAT@parse@date#1#2#3#4#5#6@@{%
    \def\NAT@year{#1#2}\def\NAT@exlab{{#3}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\BBA}{\BBA@nat}
\let\orig@nat@@lbibitem\@lbibitem
\def\@lbibitem{\NAT@swatrue\orig@nat@@lbibitem}
\renewcommand\citetext[1]{\NAT@open\begingroup\NAT@swatrue
  #1\endgroup\NAT@close}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citeauthort{\citeauthor}
\DeclareRobustCommand\Citeauthort{\Citeauthor}
\DeclareRobustCommand\citeauthorp
   {\begingroup\NAT@swatrue\let\NAT@ctype\@ne\NAT@parfalse
    \@ifstar{\NAT@fulltrue\NAT@citetp}{\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@citetp}}
\DeclareRobustCommand\Citeauthorp
   {\begingroup\NAT@swatrue\let\NAT@ctype\@ne\NAT@parfalse
     \let\NAT@up\NAT@Up
    \@ifstar{\NAT@fulltrue\NAT@citetp}{\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@citetp}}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\Citefullauthor}{\Citeauthor*}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\citefullauthort}{\citeauthort*}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\citefullauthorp}{\citeauthorp*}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\Citefullauthort}{\Citeauthort*}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\Citefullauthorp}{\Citeauthorp*}
\providecommand\bibstyle@apacite{%
    \renewcommand{\BBAY}{,}%
    \renewcommand{\BBC}{;}%
    \renewcommand{\BBYY}{,}%
    \bibpunct[\BBN ]{\BBOP }{\BBCP }{\BBC }{a}{\BBAY }{\BBYY }%
    \setlength{\bibhang}{2.5em}%
    \setlength{\bibsep}{0pt}%
}
\providecommand\bibstyle@apa{\bibstyle@apacite}
\citestyle{apacite}
}% end \cmd{\AtEndOfPackage}
\fi
\if@APAC@any@natbib
\newcommand{\maskcitations}{%
    \def\masknocite##1{}%
    \DeclareRobustCommand\maskcite{%
        \@ifnextchar[%     % ]
            {\mask@cite}%
            {\mask@cite[]}%
    }%
    \def\mask@cite[##1]{%
        \@ifnextchar[%      % ]
            {\mask@@cite[##1]}%
            {\mask@@cite[##1][]}%
    }%
    \def\mask@@cite[##1][##2]##3{%
        \relax
        \setcounter{maskedRefs}{0}%
        \@for\@citeb:=##3\do{%
            \addtocounter{maskedRefs}{1}%
        }%
        \ifnum\value{maskedRefs} = 1%
            \onemaskedcitationmsg{\themaskedRefs}%
        \else
            \maskedcitationsmsg{\themaskedRefs}%
        \fi
    }%
    \let\maskcitep\maskcite
    \let\maskcitealp\maskcite
    \let\maskcitet\maskcite
    \let\maskcitealt\maskcite
    \let\maskciteauthor\maskcite
    \let\maskcitefullauthor\maskcite
    \let\maskciteyearpar\maskcite
    \let\maskciteyear\maskcite
    \let\maskcitetalias\maskcite
    \let\maskcitepalias\maskcite
    \let\maskCitet\maskcite
    \let\maskCitep\maskcite
    \let\maskCitealt\maskcite
    \let\maskCitealp\maskcite
    \let\maskCiteauthor\maskcite
    \let\maskcitenum\maskcite
    \let\maskciteauthort\maskcite
    \let\maskciteauthorp\maskcite
    \let\maskCitefullauthor\maskcite
    \let\maskCiteauthort\maskcite
    \let\maskCiteauthorp\maskcite
    \DeclareRobustCommand{\masktext}[2][]{##1}%
}
\newcommand{\unmaskcitations}{%
    \let\masknocite\nocite
    \let\maskcitep\citep
    \let\maskcitealp\citealp
    \let\maskcitet\citet
    \let\maskcitealt\citealt
    \let\maskciteauthor\citeauthor
    \let\maskcitefullauthor\citefullauthor
    \let\maskciteyearpar\citeyearpar
    \let\maskciteyear\citeyear
    \let\maskcite\cite
    \let\maskcitetalias\citetalias
    \let\maskcitepalias\citepalias
    \let\maskCitet\Citet
    \let\maskCitep\Citep
    \let\maskCitealt\Citealt
    \let\maskCitealp\Citealp
    \let\maskCiteauthor\Citeauthor
    \let\maskcitenum\citenum
    \let\maskciteauthort\citeauthort
    \let\maskciteauthorp\citeauthorp
    \let\maskCitefullauthor\Citefullauthor
    \let\maskCiteauthort\Citeauthort
    \let\maskCiteauthorp\Citeauthorp
    \DeclareRobustCommand{\masktext}[2][]{##2}
}
\fi
\if@APAC@anycitation
    \AtEndOfPackage{%
        \if@APAC@mask
            \maskcitations
        \else
            \unmaskcitations
        \fi
    }%
\fi
\def\definemetaflag#1{%
  \@bsphack
  \expandafter\global\expandafter\def
    \csname APAC@metaprenote@\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname{%
      \APACmetaprenote}%
  \@for\@citeb:=#1\do{%
    \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
    \@ifundefined{flagmeta@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
      {\global\expandafter
       \def\csname flagmeta@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname{DUMMY}%
      }%
      {}%
  }%
  \@esphack
}
\def\nocitemeta#1{%
    \nocite{#1}%
    \@bsphack
    \if@filesw
      \@for\@citeb:=#1\do{%
        \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
        \immediate\write
          \@newciteauxhandle{\string\definemetaflag{\@citeb}}%
    }%
    \fi
    \@esphack
    \@restore@auxhandle
}
\def\bibnewpage{\clearpage}%
\def\@biblabel#1{}
\def\@lbibitem[#1]#2{%
    \def\BBA{\BBAA}%    ``\&''
    \item[\hyper@natanchorstart{#2\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
          \@biblabel{#1}%
          \hyper@natanchorend]%
    \if@filesw{%
        \def\BBA{\string\BBA}%
        \let\protect\noexpand
        \immediate\write\@newciteauxhandle{\string\bibcite{#2}{#1}}%
        \immediate\write\@newciteauxhandle{\string\APACbibcite{#2}{#1}}%
        \def\BBA{\BBAA}%
    }%
    \fi
    \ignorespaces
}
\def\APACbibcite#1#2{%
  \global\expandafter
    \def\csname b@#1\APAC@extra@binfo\endcsname{#2}%        names
  \global\expandafter
    \def\csname Y@#1\APAC@extra@binfo\endcsname{\@year@#2}% year
}
\let\bibcite\APACbibcite
\def\st@rtbibsection{%
  \@bibnewpage%           start a new page if desired
  \if@numberedbib%
    \section{\refname}%   e.g.,   6. References
  \else%
    \section*{\refname}%  e.g.,   References
    \if@tocbib%
      \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\refname}%
    \fi%
    \@ifundefined{chapter}
      {\@mkboth{{\refname}}{{\refname}}}%
      {\markright{{\refname}}}%
  \fi%
}%
\def\st@rtbibchapter{%
  \if@numberedbib%
    \chapter{\bibname}%   e.g.,   6. References
  \else%
    \chapter*{\bibname}%   e.g.,   References
    \if@tocbib%
      \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\bibname}%
    \fi%
    \@mkboth{{\bibname}}{{\bibname}}%
  \fi%
}%
\def\thebibliography#1{%
  \@ifundefined{chapter}%
    {\st@rtbibsection}%
    {\if@sectionbibdefault
       {\@ifundefined{@mainmatterfalse}%
          {\st@rtbibchapter}%
          {\if@mainmatter
             \st@rtbibsection
           \else
             \st@rtbibchapter
           \fi
          }%
       }%
     \else
        \if@sectionbib
          \st@rtbibsection
        \else
          \st@rtbibchapter
        \fi
     \fi
    }%
  \bibliographytypesize % e.g., to put the bibliography in \small type
  \bibliographyprenote  % some explanatory note before the references
  \@ifundefined{APAC@metaprenote@\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
    {}% skip
    {\csname APAC@metaprenote@\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname}%
  \list{\relax}{\labelsep=\biblabelsep
                \parsep=\bibparsep
                \itemsep=\bibitemsep
                \leftmargin=\bibleftmargin
                \itemindent=\bibindent}% changed to cope with 4th ed.
   \def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em}%
   \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
   \sfcode`\.=1000\relax %'
   \bt@beg@thb@hook
   \APACrestorebibitem
}
\def\endthebibliography{%
   \bt@end@thb@hook
   \def\@noitemerr{%
       \@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}%
   }%
   \endlist\normalsize
}
\def\@connect@with@commas#1{%
  \def\@comma@space{\unskip, }%
  \let\@connect@string\relax
  \@for\@element@:=#1\do{%
     \ifx\@empty\@element@%
     \else
       \@connect@string\@element@%
       \let\@connect@string\@comma@space
     \fi
  }%
  \let\@connect@string\@undefined
  \let\@comma@space\@undefined
}
\newcommand{\APACmetastar}{\ensuremath{{}^\ast}}
\def\APACinsertmetastar#1{%
  \@for\@citeb:=#1\do{%
    \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
    \@ifundefined{flagmeta@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
      {}% skip
      {{\APACmetastar}}%
  }%
}
\newenvironment{APACrefauthors}{%
  \begingroup \APACrefauthstyle
}{\endgroup }
\newcommand{\APACrefYear}[1]{%
  {\BBOP}{#1}{\BBCP}%
}
\newcommand{\APACrefatitle}[2]{#2}
\newcommand{\APACrefbtitle}[2]{\Bem{#2}}
\newcommand{\APACrefaetitle}[2]{[#2]}
\newcommand{\APACrefbetitle}[2]{[#2]}
\newcommand{\APACjournalVolNumPages}[4]{%
  \Bem{#1}%             journal
  \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
  \else
    \unskip, \Bem{#2}%  volume
  \fi
  \ifx\@empty#3\@empty
  \else
    \unskip({#3})%      issue number
  \fi
  \ifx\@empty#4\@empty
  \else
    \unskip, {#4}%      pages
  \fi
}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\APACaddressPublisher}[2]{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
    \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
    \else
      {#2}%                 publisher
    \fi
  \else
    {#1}%                   address
    \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
    \else
      \unskip: {#2}%        publisher
    \fi
  \fi
}
\let\APACaddressInstitution\APACaddressPublisher
\DeclareRobustCommand{\APACaddressSchool}[2]{%
  \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
    \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
    \else
      {#1}%                 address
    \fi
  \else
    {#2}%                   school
    \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
    \else
      \unskip, {#1}%        address
    \fi
  \fi
}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\APACtypeAddressSchool}[3]{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
    \ifx\@empty#3\@empty
      \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
      \else
        ({#2})%               address
      \fi
    \else
      ({#3}%                  school
      \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
      \else
        \unskip, {#2}%        address
      \fi
      )%
    \fi
  \else
    ({#1}%                    type
    \ifx\@empty#3\@empty
      \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
      \else
        \unskip, {#2}%        address
      \fi
    \else
      \unskip, {#3}%          school
      \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
      \else
        \unskip, {#2}%        address
      \fi
    \fi
    )%
  \fi
}
\newcommand{\APACaddressPublisherEqAuth}[2]{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
    {\BAuthor{}}% Publisher formatted as ``Author''
  \else
    {#1\unskip: \BAuthor{}}% Address: Author
  \fi
}
\let\APACaddressInstitutionEqAuth\APACaddressPublisherEqAuth
\let\APAChowpublished\relax
\newenvironment{APACrefURL}[1][]{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
    \BRetrievedFrom % Available online: 
  \else
    \BRetrieved{#1}%  Retrieved <date>, from
  \fi
}{}
\newenvironment{APACrefDOI}{%
  \global\let\old@doi\doi
  \if@doi
    \doiprefix
  \else
    \global\let\doi\@gobble
  \fi
  }{\global\let\doi\old@doi }
\newenvironment{APACrefURLmsg}{%
  \BMsgPostedTo
}{}
\newcommand{\APACorigED}[1]{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
  \else
    \Bby\ {#1}, \BED{}% ``by E. D. Itor (Ed.)''
  \fi
}
\newcommand{\APACorigEDS}[1]{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
  \else
    \Bby\ {#1}, \BEDS{}% ``by E. D. Itor \& A. N. Other (Eds.)''
  \fi
}
\newcommand{\APACbVolEdTR}[2]{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
    \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
    \else
      {(#2)}%            (Technical Report No.\ <no>)
    \fi
  \else
    ({#1}%               (2nd ed., Vol.~1
    \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
    \else
      \unskip; {#2}%     ; Technical Report No.\ <no>
    \fi
    )%                   Final parenthesis.
  \fi
}
\newcommand{\APACbVolEdTRpgs}[3]{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
    \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
      \ifx\@empty#3\@empty
      \else
        {(#3)}%% (pp. 10--30)
      \fi
    \else
      %% (Technical Report No.\ <no>, pp. 10--30)
      (\@connect@with@commas{{#2},{#3}})%
    \fi
  \else
    ({#1}%                  (2nd ed., Vol.~1
    \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
      \ifx\@empty#3\@empty
      \else
        \unskip; {#3}%      ; pp. 10--30
      \fi
    \else
      %%                    ; Technical Report No.\ <no>, pp. 10--30
      \unskip; \@connect@with@commas{{#2},{#3}}%
    \fi
    )%                      Final parenthesis.
  \fi
}
\newcommand{\APACrefnote}[1]{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
  \else
    ({#1})%
  \fi
}
\newcommand{\APACorigyearnote}[2]{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
    \APACrefnote{#2}%
  \else
    \ifx\bibnodate#1\@empty
      \APACrefnote{#2}%
    \else
      (\BOWP{} {#1}%
      \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
      \else
        \unskip; {#2}%
      \fi
      )%
    \fi
  \fi
}
\newcommand{\APACorigjournalnote}[6]{%
  (\BREPR{} %          ``(Reprinted from '' (note the space)
  \Bem{#2}%            Journal (should not be empty)
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty
  \else
    \unskip, {#1}%     , year
  \fi
  \ifx\@empty#3\@empty
  \else
    \unskip, \Bem{#3}% , volume
  \fi
  \ifx\@empty#4\@empty
  \else
    \unskip{[#4]}%     [issue number]
  \fi
  \ifx\@empty#5\@empty
  \else
    \unskip, {#5}%     , pages
  \fi
  \ifx\@empty#6\@empty
  \else
    \unskip; {#6}%     ; note
  \fi
  )%                   Final parenthesis
}
\newcommand{\APACorigbooknote}[9]{%
    %% ``(Reprinted from '' (note the space)
  (\BREPR{} %
    %% Title, edition, volume, pages, editor, year, address: publisher
  \@connect@with@commas{%
    {#3},{#4},{#5},{#6},{#2},{#1},{\APACaddressPublisher{#7}{#8}}%
  }%%
  \ifx\@empty#9\@empty
  \else
    ; #9%%              ; note
  \fi
  )%                    Final parenthesis.
}
\newenvironment{APACrefannotation}{%
  \begin{quotation}\noindent\ignorespaces
}{\end{quotation}}
\newcommand{\BAstyle}{}%
\newcommand{\BAastyle}{}%
\newcommand{\APACrefauthstyle}{}%
\newcommand{\APACciteatitle}[1]{``#1''}
\newcommand{\APACcitebtitle}[1]{{\em #1\/}}
\newcommand{\APACyear}[1]{{#1}}%
\newcommand{\APACexlab}[1]{{#1}}%
\newcounter{BibCnt}
\renewcommand{\theBibCnt}{\alph{BibCnt}}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\BCnt}[1]{\setcounter{BibCnt}{#1}\theBibCnt}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\BCntIP}[1]{\setcounter{BibCnt}{#1}\mbox{-\theBibCnt}}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\BCntND}[1]{\setcounter{BibCnt}{#1}\mbox{-\theBibCnt}}
\let\bibliographytypesize\normalsize
\newcommand{\bibliographyprenote}{}
\newskip{\bibleftmargin}
\newskip{\bibindent}
\newskip{\bibparsep}
\newskip{\bibitemsep}
\newskip{\biblabelsep}
\setlength{\bibleftmargin}{2.5em}
\setlength{\bibindent}{-\bibleftmargin}
\setlength{\bibparsep}{0pt}
\setlength{\bibitemsep}{0pt plus .3pt}
\setlength{\biblabelsep}{0pt}
\let\bibcorporate\relax
\newcommand{\BBA}{\BBAA}% `\&'
\let\Bem\emph
\newcommand{\bibnotype}{}
\newcommand{\APACSortNoop}[1]{}
\let\bibphant\APACSortNoop
\def\makehashother{\catcode`\#=12\relax}
\def\makehashmacropar{\catcode`\#=6\relax}
\if@APAC@index
    \if@APAC@index@package
        \RequirePackage{index}[1995/09/28]
        \newindex{autx}{adx}{and}{\authorindexname}
        \DeclareRobustCommand{\AX}[1]{%
          \if@filesw{%
            \protected@write\@auxout{}{%
              \string\protected@write\string\tf@autx{}{%
              \string\string\string
              \indexentry{\string#1|hyperpage}{\thepage}}}%
          }%
          \fi
        }%
    \else
        \newwrite\@AXfile
        \immediate\openout\@AXfile=\jobname.adx
        \typeout
            {Writing author index file \jobname.adx }%
        \DeclareRobustCommand{\AX}[1]{%
            \protected@write\@AXfile{}%
                {\string\indexentry{\string#1}{\thepage}}%
        }%
        \def\PrintAX{\edef\currentindexname{\authorindexname}%
             \@input@{\jobname.and}%
             \global\let\PrintAX\@empty
        }%
        \AtBeginDocument{%
          \@ifundefined{printindex}{\makeindex}{}%
          \let\orig@printindex\printindex
          \def\printindex{\@ifnextchar[{\APAC@printindex}{%
                                        \orig@printindex}}%
          \def\APAC@printindex[autx]{\PrintAX}%
        }%
    \fi
    \if@APAC@include@corporate
      \let\corporateAX\AX
    \else
      \let\corporateAX\@gobble
    \fi
\else
    \AtBeginDocument{%
      \@ifundefined{printindex}%
        {%
          \def\printindex{\@ifnextchar[{\check@printindex}{%
                                        \check@printindex[]}}%
          \def\check@printindex[#1]{\relax }%
        }%
        {%
          \let\orig@printindex\printindex
          \def\printindex{\@ifnextchar[{\check@printindex}{\orig@printindex}}%
          \def\check@printindex[#1]{%
            \expandafter\def\csname APAC@#1\endcsname{DUMMY}%
            \@ifundefined{APAC@autx}%
              {\orig@printindex[#1]}%
              {\let\APAC@autx\@undefined}%
          }%
        }%
    }%
    \let\AX\@gobble
    \let\corporateAX\@gobble
\fi
\newcommand{\APACstdindex}{%
    \@ifclassloaded{article}{%
       \renewenvironment{theindex}{%
           \edef\indexname{\the\@nameuse{idxtitle@\@indextype}}%
           \if@twocolumn
               \@restonecolfalse
           \else
               \@restonecoltrue
           \fi
           \columnseprule \z@
           \columnsep 35\p@
           \twocolumn[%
               \section*{\indexname}%
               \ifx\index@prologue\@empty\else
                   \index@prologue
                   \bigskip
               \fi
           ]%
           \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
                   {\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
           \thispagestyle{plain}%
           \parindent\z@
           \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
           \let\item\@idxitem
       }{%
           \if@restonecol
               \onecolumn
           \else
               \clearpage
           \fi
       }
    }{%
       \renewenvironment{theindex}{%
           \edef\indexname{\the\@nameuse{idxtitle@\@indextype}}%
           \if@twocolumn
               \@restonecolfalse
           \else
               \@restonecoltrue
           \fi
           \columnseprule \z@
           \columnsep 35\p@
           \twocolumn[%
               \@makeschapterhead{\indexname}%
               \ifx\index@prologue\@empty\else
                   \index@prologue
                   \bigskip
               \fi
           ]%
           \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
                   {\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
           \thispagestyle{plain}%
           \parindent\z@
           \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
           \let\item\@idxitem
       }{%
           \if@restonecol
               \onecolumn
           \else
               \clearpage
           \fi
       }%
    }%
}
\newcommand{\APACtocindex}{%
    \@ifclassloaded{article}{%
       \renewenvironment{theindex}{%
           \edef\indexname{\the\@nameuse{idxtitle@\@indextype}}%
           \if@twocolumn
               \@restonecolfalse
           \else
               \@restonecoltrue
           \fi
           \columnseprule \z@
           \columnsep 35\p@
           \twocolumn[%
               \section*{\indexname}%
               \ifx\index@prologue\@empty\else
                   \index@prologue
                   \bigskip
               \fi
           ]%
           \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
                   {\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
           \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\indexname}%
           \thispagestyle{plain}%
           \parindent\z@
           \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
           \let\item\@idxitem
       }{%
           \if@restonecol
               \onecolumn
           \else
               \clearpage
           \fi
       }
    }{%
       \renewenvironment{theindex}{%
           \edef\indexname{\the\@nameuse{idxtitle@\@indextype}}%
           \if@twocolumn
               \@restonecolfalse
           \else
               \@restonecoltrue
           \fi
           \columnseprule \z@
           \columnsep 35\p@
           \twocolumn[%
               \@makeschapterhead{\indexname}%
               \ifx\index@prologue\@empty\else
                   \index@prologue
                   \bigskip
               \fi
           ]%
           \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
                   {\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
           \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\indexname}%
           \thispagestyle{plain}%
           \parindent\z@
           \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
           \let\item\@idxitem
       }{%
           \if@restonecol
               \onecolumn
           \else
               \clearpage
           \fi
       }%
    }%
}
\newcommand{\APACemindex}{%
    \RequirePackage{multicol}
    \renewenvironment{theindex}{%
        \edef\@indexname{\the\@nameuse{idxtitle@\@indextype}}%
        \@ifundefined{chapter}%
          {\section*{\@indexname}%
           \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\@indexname}%
%%          \sectionmark{{\@indexname}}% doesn't work: generates numbers
          }%
          {\chapter*{\@indexname}%
           \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\@indexname}%
%%          \chaptermark{{\@indexname}}% doesn't work: generates numbers
%%                                     % (except in the backmatter)
%%          \sectionmark{{\@indexname}}% doesn't work: generates numbers
          }%
        \@mkboth{{\@indexname}}{{\@indexname}}% Hence we need this.
        \parindent\z@
        \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
        \let\item\@idxitem
        \setlength{\columnsep}{2em}
        \small
        \begin{multicols}{2}
        \raggedright
      }%
      {\end{multicols}\normalsize
      }%
}
\newcommand{\APACltxemindex}{%
    \RequirePackage{multicol}
    \renewenvironment{theindex}{%
        \@ifundefined{currentindexname}{%
          \@ifundefined{indexname}{%
            \edef\@indexname{Index}%
          }{\edef\@indexname{\indexname}}%
        }{\edef\@indexname{\currentindexname}}%
        \@ifundefined{chapter}%
          {\section*{\@indexname}%
           \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\@indexname}%
%%          \sectionmark{{\@indexname}}% doesn't work: generates numbers
          }%
          {\chapter*{\@indexname}%
           \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\@indexname}%
%%          \chaptermark{{\@indexname}}% doesn't work: generates numbers
%%                                     % (except in the backmatter)
%%          \sectionmark{{\@indexname}}% doesn't work: generates numbers
          }%
        \@mkboth{{\@indexname}}{{\@indexname}}% Hence we need this.
        \def\pfill{\relax{}}%
        \parindent\z@
        \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
        \let\item\@idxitem
        \setlength{\columnsep}{2em}
        \small
        \begin{multicols}{2}
        \raggedright
      }%
      {\end{multicols}\normalsize
      }%
}
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{url}{%
    \@ifundefined{Url@force@Tilde}{\def\Url@force@Tilde{\relax}}{}%
    \def\Url@APACdot{\mathchar"2E }%
    \def\Url@APACcomma{\mathchar"2C }%
    \def\Url@APACquestionmark{\mathchar"3F }%
    \def\Url@APACexclamation{\mathchar"21 }%
    \def\Url@APAChyphen{\mathchar"2D }%
    \def\Url@APACunderscore{\_}%
    \def\APACurlBreaks{%
      \def\UrlBreaks{\do\@\do\\\do\|\do\;\do\>\do\]\do\)\do\'\do+\do\=\do\#}%
      \def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\/\do\:\do@url@hyp}%
      \def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% \)
      \def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\~\do\'\do\"}%
      \def\UrlSpecials{%
        \do\.{\mathbin{}\Url@APACdot }%
        \do\,{\mathbin{}\Url@APACcomma }%
        \do\-{\mathbin{}\Url@APAChyphen }%
        \do\?{\mathbin{}\Url@APACquestionmark }%
        \do\!{\mathbin{}\Url@APACexclamation }%
        \do\_{\mathbin{}\Url@APACunderscore }%
        \do\ {\Url@space}\do\%{\Url@percent}\do\^^M{\Url@space}%
        \Url@force@Tilde}% package option may force faked text-ascii-tilde
    }%%
    \def\Url@OTnonTT{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do
      \_{\mathbin{}\_}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do
      \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\UrlTildeSpecial}
    \def\url@APACttstyle{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}\APACurlBreaks }%
    \def\url@APACrmstyle{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}\APACurlBreaks }%
    \def\url@APACsfstyle{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}\APACurlBreaks }%
    \def\url@APACsamestyle{\def\UrlFont{}\APACurlBreaks }%
    % MDPI: match body roman (texgyrepagella), not typewriter
    \urlstyle{APACrm}%
  }{}%
}
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifundefined{url}{%
    \def\url#1{\texttt{#1}}%
  }{}%
}
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \expandafter\ifx\csname urlstyle\endcsname\relax
    \providecommand{\doi}[1]{#1}\else
    \providecommand{\doi}{\begingroup \urlstyle{APACsame}\Url}\fi
}
\@ifundefined{doiprefix}{%
  \newcommand{\doiprefix}{\penalty0{}}% % MDPI Modified
}{}%
\@ifundefined{bbl@cite@choice}{}{%
  \g@addto@macro\bbl@cite@choice{%
    \let\bibcite\APACbibcite
  }%
}
\if@APAC@natbib@apa
\else
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{natbib}{%
    \def\NAT@parse@date#1#2#3#4#5#6@@{%
      \def\NAT@year{{#1}}\def\NAT@exlab{{#2}}%
    }%
  }{}%
}
\fi
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{natbib}{%
    \let\@oldbibpreamble\bibpreamble
    \def\bibpreamble{%
      \@oldbibpreamble%
      \bibliographytypesize%
      \bibliographyprenote%
      \@ifundefined{APAC@metaprenote@\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
        {}% skip
        {\csname APAC@metaprenote@\APAC@extra@b@citeb\endcsname}%
    }%
    \let\@old@endthebibliography\endthebibliography
    \def\endthebibliography{\@old@endthebibliography%
                            \normalsize}%
  }{}%
}
\AtBeginDocument{%
    \@ifundefined{NAT@parse}{%
      \def\NAT@parse{This is a fake natbib command to fool hyperref.}}{}%
    \@ifundefined{hyper@natlinkstart}{%
      \let\hyper@natlinkstart\@gobble}{}%
    \@ifundefined{hyper@natlinkend}{%
      \let\hyper@natlinkend\relax}{}%
    \@ifundefined{hyper@natanchorstart}{%
      \let\hyper@natanchorstart\@gobble}{}%
    \@ifundefined{hyper@natanchorend}{%
      \let\hyper@natanchorend\relax}{}%
    \@ifundefined{hyperpage}{%
      \def\hyperpage#1{#1}}{}%
    \@ifpackageloaded{hyperref}{%
      \@ifpackageloaded{url}{%
        \ifx\@empty\Url@ObeySp\@empty
          \def\url@#1{\def\@tmp@arg{\string#1}%
                      \HyPsd@Subst{ }{}{\@tmp@arg}%
                      \hyper@linkurl{\Hurl{#1}}{\@tmp@arg}}%
        \fi
      }{}%
    }{}%
}
\def\back@cite{}%
\def\CurrentBib{}%
\def\PrintBackRefs{}%
\def\APACrestorebibitem{}%
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{backref}{%
    \@ifundefined{ifBR@verbose}{%
      \let\ifBR@verbose\iffalse
      \let\fi\fi}{}%
    \def\back@cite#1{%
      \ifBR@verbose
        \PackageInfo{backref}{back cite \string`#1\string'}%
      \fi
      \Hy@backout{#1\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
    }%
    \def\APACrestorebibitem{%
      \def\BR@@lbibitem[##1]##2{%
        \BRorg@bibitem[{##1}]{##2}%
        \def\CurrentBib{##2\APAC@extra@b@citeb}%
      }%
    }%
    \def\PrintBackRefs#1{\BR@backref{#1}}%
  }{%
    \let\back@cite\@gobble
    \let\PrintBackRefs\@gobble
  }%
}
\def\BR@@lbibitem[#1]#2#3\par{%
  \BRorg@bibitem[#1]{#2}#3%
  \BR@backref{#2}%
}%
\@ifundefined{@extra@b@citeb}{\def\@extra@b@citeb{}}{}
\gdef\@extra@binfo{}
\def\APAC@extra@b@citeb{\APAC@curr@aux\APAC@bu\@extra@b@citeb}%
\def\APAC@extra@binfo{\APAC@curr@aux\APAC@bu\@extra@binfo}%
\AtEndOfPackage{%
  \let\APACstd@cite\cite
  \let\APACstd@nocite\nocite
  \let\APACstd@lbibitem\@lbibitem
}
\@ifundefined{APAC@bu}{\def\APAC@bu{}}{}
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{bibunits}{%
    \def\APAC@bu{%
      \ifx\cite\std@cite
        @APACbu0@%
      \else
        @APACbu\the\@bibunitauxcnt @%
      \fi
    }%
    \let\std@cite\APACstd@cite
    \let\std@nocite\APACstd@nocite
    \def\std@lbibitem[#1]#2{%
      \let\@APACtemp@auxout\@newciteauxhandle
      \let\@newciteauxhandle\@bibunitaux
      \APACstd@lbibitem[#1]{#2}%
      \let\@newciteauxhandle\@APACtemp@auxout
    }%
    \let\@lbibitem\std@lbibitem
  }{}%
}
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{bibtopic}{%
    \renewcommand*\bt@change@thb{\relax}%
  }{%
    \providecommand{\bt@beg@thb@hook}{\relax}
    \providecommand{\bt@end@thb@hook}{\relax}
  }%
}
\@ifundefined{APAC@curr@aux}{\def\APAC@curr@aux{}}{}
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{multibbl}{%
    \def\APAC@def@curr@aux#1{\def\APAC@curr@aux{@APACaux@#1@}}%
    \def\newbibliography#1{%
      \APAC@def@curr@aux{#1}%
      \@input@{#1.aux}%
      \begingroup
        \if@filesw
          \expandafter\newwrite\csname #1@auxfile\endcsname
          \expandafter\immediate\openout
            \csname #1@auxfile\endcsname #1.aux\relax
          \typeout{Writing auxiliary file #1.aux }%
        \fi
      \endgroup
    }%%
    \let\APAC@mbbl@bibliography\bibliography
    \def\bibliography#1#2#3{%
      \APAC@def@curr@aux{#1}%
      \let\@APACtemp@auxout\@newciteauxhandle
      \def\@APACtemp{\csname #1@auxfile\endcsname}%
      \let\@newciteauxhandle\@APACtemp
      \APAC@mbbl@bibliography{#1}{#2}{#3}%
      \let\@newciteauxhandle\@APACtemp@auxout
    }%%
    \let\@orig@@cite\@@cite
    \def\@@cite<#1>[#2]#3#4{%
      \nocite{#3}{#4}%
      \let\@temp@nocite\nocite
      \let\nocite\@gobble
      \APAC@def@curr@aux{#3}%
      \@orig@@cite<#1>[#2]{#4}%
      \let\nocite\@temp@nocite
      \let\@temp@nocite\@undefined
    }%%
    \let\@orig@nocite\nocite
    \def\nocite#1#2{%
      \APAC@def@curr@aux{#1}%
      \@bsphack
      \ifx\@onlypreamble\document
        \@for\@citeb:=#2\do{%
          \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
          \@ifundefined{#1@auxfile}{%
            \if@filesw
              \immediate\write\@newciteauxhandle{\string\citation{\@citeb}}%
            \fi
          }{\if@filesw
              \expandafter\immediate%
              \write\csname #1@auxfile\endcsname{\string\citation{\@citeb}}%
            \fi
          }%
          \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb\APAC@extra@b@citeb}{%
            \edef\B@my@dummy{*}%
            \ifx\@citeb\B@my@dummy
            \else
              \G@refundefinedtrue
              \@latex@warning{Citation `\@citeb' undefined}%
            \fi
          }{}%
        }%
      \else
         \AtBeginDocument{\nocite{#1}{#2}}%
      \fi
      \@esphack
      \@restore@auxhandle
    }%
    \let\@orig@@nocitemeta\nocitemeta
    \def\nocitemeta#1#2{%
      \nocite{#1}{#2}%
      \let\@temp@nocite\nocite
      \let\nocite\@gobble
      \@orig@@nocitemeta{#2}%
      \let\nocite\@temp@nocite
      \let\@temp@nocite\@undefined
    }%
  }{}%
}
\providecommand\@newciteauxhandle{\@auxout}
\def\@restore@auxhandle{\gdef\@newciteauxhandle{\@auxout}}
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifundefined{newcites}{\global\let\@restore@auxhandle\relax}{}%
}
\if@APAC@classic@cite
\def\@mb@citenamelist{%
  cite,fullcite,shortcite,citeNP,fullciteNP,shortciteNP,%
  citeA,fullciteA,shortciteA,citeauthor,fullciteauthor,shortciteauthor,%
  citeauthorNP,fullciteauthorNP,shortciteauthorNP,%
  citeyear,citeyearNP,nocite,nocitemeta,%
  maskcite,maskfullcite,maskshortcite,maskciteNP,maskfullciteNP,%
  maskshortciteNP,maskciteA,maskfullciteA,maskshortciteA,%
  maskciteauthor,maskfullciteauthor,maskshortciteauthor,%
  maskciteauthorNP,maskfullciteauthorNP,maskshortciteauthorNP,%
  maskciteauthorA,maskfullciteauthorA,maskshortciteauthorA,%
  maskciteyear,maskciteyearNP,masknocite%
}
\fi
\if@APAC@natbib@apa
\AtEndOfPackage{%
\@ifundefined{@mb@citenamelist}{%
  \def\@mb@citenamelist{%
    nocite,citep,citealp,citet,citealt,citeauthor,citefullauthor,%
    citeyearpar,citeyear,citetext,cite,shortcites,citetalias,%
shortciteNP,citeauthorNP,fullciteauthorNP,citeyearNP,citeA,fullciteA,shortciteA,  % MDPI added
    citepalias,Citet,Citep,Citealt,Citealp,Citeauthor,citenum}%
}{}
\let\orig@mb@citenamelist\@mb@citenamelist
\edef\@mb@citenamelist{%
  \orig@mb@citenamelist,%
  citeauthort,citeauthorp,citefullauthort,citefullauthorp,Citeauthort,%
  Citeauthorp,Citefullauthort,Citefullauthorp,%
  masknocite,maskcitep,maskcitealp,maskcitet,maskcitealt,%
  maskciteauthor,maskcitefullauthor,maskciteyearpar,maskciteyear,%
  maskcite,maskcitetalias,maskcitepalias,maskCitet,maskCitep,%
  maskCitealt,maskCitealp,maskCiteauthor,maskcitenum,maskciteauthort,%
  maskciteauthorp,maskCitefullauthor,maskCiteauthort,maskCiteauthorp,%
  nocitemeta%
}
}
\fi
\newcommand{\onemaskedcitationmsg}[1]{%
    \emph{(#1\ citation removed for masked review)}}
\newcommand{\maskedcitationsmsg}[1]{%
    \emph{(#1\ citations removed for masked review)}}
\def\refname{References}% Name of ref. list if it's a section.
\def\bibname{References}% Name of ref. list if it's a chapter.
\newcommand{\authorindexname}{Author Index}
\newcommand{\APACmetaprenote}{%
  References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in
  the meta-analysis.}
\newcommand{\bibmessage}{Msg}% Message, for internet forums and the like
\newcommand{\bibcomputerprogram}{Computer program}
\newcommand{\bibcomputerprogrammanual}{Computer program manual}
\newcommand{\bibcomputerprogramandmanual}{Computer program and manual}
\newcommand{\bibcomputersoftware}{Computer software}
\newcommand{\bibcomputersoftwaremanual}{Computer software manual}
\newcommand{\bibcomputersoftwareandmanual}{Computer software and manual}
\newcommand{\bibprogramminglanguage}{Programming language}
\newcommand{\bibnodate}{n.d.\hbox{}}% no date
\newcommand{\BIP}{in press}         % in press
\newcommand{\BOthers}[1]{et al.\hbox{}}%       ``and others''
\newcommand{\BOthersPeriod}[1]{et al.\hbox{}}% ``and others.'', with a period
\newcommand{\BIn}{In}                 % for ``In '' editor...
\newcommand{\Bby}{by}                 % for ``by '' editor... (in reprints)
\newcommand{\BED}{Ed.\hbox{}}         % editor
\newcommand{\BEDS}{Eds.\hbox{}}       % editors
\newcommand{\BTRANS}{Trans.\hbox{}}   % translator
\newcommand{\BTRANSS}{Trans.\hbox{}}  % translators
\newcommand{\BTRANSL}{trans.\hbox{}}  % translation, for the year field
\newcommand{\BCHAIR}{Chair}           % chair of symposium
\newcommand{\BCHAIRS}{Chairs}         % chairs
\newcommand{\BVOL}{Vol.\hbox{}}       % volume (of a multi-volume book)
\newcommand{\BVOLS}{Vols.\hbox{}}     % volumes
\newcommand{\BNUM}{No.\hbox{}}        % number (of a technical report)
\newcommand{\BNUMS}{Nos.\hbox{}}      % numbers
\newcommand{\BEd}{ed.\hbox{}}         % edition
\newcommand{\BCHAP}{chap.\hbox{}}     % chapter (for electronic documents)
\newcommand{\BCHAPS}{chap.\hbox{}}    % chapters
\newcommand{\BPG}{p.\hbox{}}          % page
\newcommand{\BPGS}{pp.\hbox{}}        % pages
%% Default technical report type name.
\newcommand{\BTR}{Tech.\ Rep.\hbox{}}
%% Default PhD thesis type name.
\newcommand{\BPhD}{Doctoral dissertation}
%% Default unpublished PhD thesis type name.
\newcommand{\BUPhD}{Unpublished doctoral dissertation}
%% Default master's thesis type name.
\newcommand{\BMTh}{Master's thesis}
%% Default unpublished master's thesis type name.
\newcommand{\BUMTh}{Unpublished master's thesis}
\newcommand{\BAuthor}{Author}% ``Author'' if publisher = author
\newcommand{\BOWP}{Original work published}
\newcommand{\BREPR}{Available online:\ } % MDPI modified
\newcommand{\BAvailFrom}{Available from\ }%          Websites; note the space.
%% The argument is the date on which it was last checked.
\newcommand{\BRetrieved}[1]{Retrieved {#1}, from\ }% Websites; note the space. %%Retrieved {#1}, from\ 
\newcommand{\BRetrievedFrom}{Available online:\ }%      Websites; note the space. % MDPI modified
\newcommand{\BMsgPostedTo}{Message posted to\ }%     Messages; note the space.
\newcommand{\BBOP}{(}   % opening parenthesis
\newcommand{\BBCP}{)}   % closing parenthesis
\newcommand{\BBOQ}{}    % opening quote for article title
\newcommand{\BBCQ}{}    % closing quote for article title
\newcommand{\BBAA}{\&}  % between authors in parenthetical cites and ref. list
\newcommand{\BBAB}{and} % between authors in in-text citation
\newcommand{\BAnd}{\&}  % for ``Ed. \& Trans.'' in ref. list
\DeclareRobustCommand{\BPBI}{.~}% Period between initials
\DeclareRobustCommand{\BHBI}{.-}% Hyphen between initials
\newcommand{\BAP}{ }    % after prefix, before first citation
\newcommand{\BBAY}{, }  % between author(s) and year
\newcommand{\BBYY}{, }  % between years of multiple citations with same author
\newcommand{\BBC}{; }   % between cites
\newcommand{\BBN}{, }   % before note
\newcommand{\BCBT}{,}   % comma between authors in ref. list when no. of
                       %% authors = 2
\newcommand{\BCBL}{,}   % comma before last author when no. of authors > 2
\newcommand{\BDBL}{, \dots{} }% dots before last author when no. of authors > 7
\newcommand{\APACmonth}[1]{\ifcase #1\or January\or February\or March\or
    April\or May\or June\or July\or August\or September\or October\or
    November\or December\or Winter\or Spring\or Summer\or Fall\else
    {#1}\fi}
\newcommand{\APACrefYearMonthDay}[3]{%
  {\BBOP}{#1}%           year (+ addendum); should not be empty
  \ifx\@empty#2\@empty
    \ifx\@empty#3\@empty
    \else
      \unskip, {#3}%     day
    \fi
  \else
    \unskip, {#2}%       month
    \ifx\@empty#3\@empty
    \else
      \unskip~{#3}%      day
    \fi
  \fi
  {\BBCP}%               closing parenthesis
}
\let\@xp\expandafter
\newcommand{\PrintOrdinal}[1]{%
    \afterassignment\print@ordinal
    \count@ 0#1\relax\@nil
}
\def\print@ordinal#1#2\@nil{%
    \ifx\relax#1\relax
        \ifnum\count@>\z@
            \CardinalNumeric\count@
        \else
            ??th%
        \fi
    \else
        \ifnum \count@>\z@ \number\count@ \fi
        #1#2\relax
    \fi
}
\newcommand{\CardinalNumeric}[1]{%
    \number#1\relax
    \if
        \ifnum#1<14
            \ifnum#1>\thr@@ T\else F\fi
        \else
            F%
        \fi
        T%
        th%
    \else
        \@xp\keep@last@digit\@xp#1\number#1\relax
        \ifcase#1th\or st\or nd\or rd\else th\fi
    \fi
}
\def\keep@last@digit#1#2{%
    \ifx\relax#2%
        \@xp\@gobbletwo
    \else
        #1=#2\relax
    \fi
    \keep@last@digit#1%
}
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifundefined{iflanguage}%
    {\relax }%
    {%
      \edef\APAC@tmp{nohyphenation}%
      \ifx\languagename\APAC@tmp
      \else
        \InputIfFileExists{\languagename.apc}{}{%
          \def\APAC@iflang##1##2{%
            \expandafter\ifx\csname l@##1\endcsname\relax
            \else
              \ifnum\csname l@##1\endcsname=\language
                {##2}%
              \fi
            \fi
          }%
          \APAC@iflang{dutch}{\gdef\APAC@apcfile{dutch.apc}}%
          \APAC@iflang{finnish}{\gdef\APAC@apcfile{finnish.apc}}%
          \APAC@iflang{french}{\gdef\APAC@apcfile{french.apc}}%
          \APAC@iflang{german}{\gdef\APAC@apcfile{german.apc}}%
          \APAC@iflang{ngerman}{\gdef\APAC@apcfile{ngerman.apc}}%
          \APAC@iflang{greek}{\gdef\APAC@apcfile{greek.apc}}%
          \APAC@iflang{norsk}{\gdef\APAC@apcfile{norsk.apc}}%
          \APAC@iflang{spanish}{\gdef\APAC@apcfile{spanish.apc}}%
          \APAC@iflang{swedish}{\gdef\APAC@apcfile{swedish.apc}}%
          \APAC@iflang{UKenglish}{\gdef\APAC@apcfile{english.apc}}%
          \APAC@iflang{english}{\gdef\APAC@apcfile{english.apc}}%
          \@ifundefined{APAC@apcfile}{%
            \PackageWarningNoLine{apacite}{%
              No suitable language definition file (\languagename.apc) found}%
          }{%
             \InputIfFileExists{\APAC@apcfile}{}{%
               \PackageWarningNoLine{apacite}{%
                 Language definition file \APAC@apcfile\space not found}%
             }%
          }%
          \let\APAC@apcfile\@undefined
        }%
      \fi
      \let\APAC@tmp\@undefined
    }%
    \let\APAC@iflang\@undefined
}
%%
\endinput
%%
%% End of file `apacite.sty'.
